Jumaat, 15 April 2011

Sayyidina Ali (as) and some Maths Problems



Sayyidina Ali (as) while he was a Khalifa was known for his mathematical genius. One day a person came to him, thinking that since Ali thinks he is too smart, I'll ask him such a tough question that he won't be able to answer it and I'll have the chance to embarrass him in front of all the Arabs.

He asked "Ali, tell me a number, that if we divide it by any number from 1-10 the answer will always come in the form of a whole number and not as a fraction." Ali Looked back at him and said, "Take the number of days in a year and multiply it with the number of days in a week and you will have your answer."

The person got astonished but as he was a Mushrik he still didn't believe Ali. He calculated the answer Ali gave him. To his amazement he came across the following results:

The number of Days in a Year = 360 (in Arabic Calendar)
The Number of Days in a Week = 7
The product of the two numbers = 2520

Now...

2520 ÷ 1 == 2520
2520 ÷ 2 == 1260
2520 ÷ 3 == 840
2520 ÷ 4 == 630
2520 ÷ 5 == 504
2520 ÷ 6 == 420
2520 ÷ 7 == 360
2520 ÷ 8 == 315
2520 ÷ 9 == 280
2520 ÷ 10== 252

In another occasion...

A person was about to die, and before dying he wrote his Will which went as follows...

"I have 17 Camels, and I have three sons. Divide my Camels in such a way, that My eldest son gets half of them, the second one gets 1/3rd of the total and my youngest son gets 1/9th of the total number of Camels"

After his death when the relatives read his will they got extremely perplexed and said to each other that how can we divide 17 camels like this.

So after a long hard thought they decided that there was only one man in Arabia who could help them: Ali Ibne Abi Taalib.

So they all came to the door of Ali and put forward their problem.

Ali said, "Ok. I will divide the camels as per the man's will. I will lend one of my camels to the total which makes it 18 (17+1), now lets divide as per his will"

The Eldest gets 1/2 of 18 == 9
The second one gets 1/3 of 18 == 6
and The Youngest gets 1/9 of 18 == 2
Now the total number of camels == 17

Then Ali said, "Now I will take my Camel back"

Sumber dari: http://lenggangkangkung-my.blogspot.com

Luasnya Neraka


YA ALLAH YA RAHMAN YA RAHIM, lindunglilah dan peliharakanlah kami,kedua ibubapa kami, isteri kami, anak-anak kami, kaum keluarga kami &semua orang Islam dari azab seksa api nerakaMu YA ALLAH.

Sesungguhnya kami tidak layak untuk menduduki syurgaMu YA ALLAH,namun tidak pula kami sanggup untuk ke nerakaMu YA ALLAH.
Ampunilah dosa-dosa kami, terimalah taubat kami dan terimalahsegala ibadah dan amalan kami dengan RAHMATMU YA ALLAH......AMIN.....

.: Luasnya Neraka :.

Yazid Arraqqasyi dari Anas bin Malik ra. berkata: Jibrail datangkepada Nabi saw pada waktu yg ia tidak biasa datang dalam keadaanberubah mukanya, maka ditanya oleh nabi s.a.w.: "Mengapa aku melihat kau berubah muka?"

Jawabnya: "Ya Muhammad, akudatang kepadamu di saat Allah menyuruh supaya dikobarkan penyalaan api neraka, maka tidak layak bagi orangyg mengetahui bahawa neraka Jahannam itu benar, dan siksa kubur itubenar, dan siksa Allah itu terbesar untuk bersuka-suka sebelum ia merasaaman dari padanya."

Lalu nabi s.a.w. bersabda: "Ya Jibrail, jelaskan padaku sifatJahannam."

Jawabnya: "Ya. Ketika Allah menjadikan Jahannam, maka dinyalakanselama seribu tahun, sehingga merah, kemudian dilanjutkan seribu tahunsehingga putih, kemudian seribu tahun sehingga hitam, maka ia hitamgelap, tidak pernah padam nyala dan baranya. Demi Allah yg mengutusengkau dengan hak, andaikan terbuka sebesar lubang jarum nescaya akan dapat membakarpenduduk dunia semuanya kerana panasnya. Demi Allah yg mengutus engkau dengan hak, andaikan satu baju ahlineraka itu digantung di antara langit dan bumi nescaya akan matipenduduk bumi kerana panas dan basinya. Demi Allah yg mengutus engkaudengan hak, andaikan satu pergelangan dari rantai yg disebut dalamAl-Quran itu diletakkan di atas bukit, nescaya akan cair sampai ke bawahbumi yg ke tujuh. Demi Allah yg mengutus engkau dengan hak, andaikan seorang dihujung barat tersiksa, nescaya akan terbakar orang-orang yang di hujungtimur kerana sangat panasnya, Jahannam itu sangat dalam dan perhiasannya besi,dan minumannya air panas campur nanah, dan pakaiannya potongan-potonganapi. Api neraka itu ada tujuh pintu, tiap-tiap pintu ada bahagiannyayang tertentu dari orang laki-laki dan perempuan."

Nabi s.a.w. bertanya: "Apakah pintu-pintunya bagaikan pintu-pinturumah kami?"

Jawabnya: "Tidak, tetapi selalu terbuka, setengahnya dibawah dari lainnya, dari pintu ke pintu jarak perjalanan 70,000 tahun,tiap pintu lebih panas dari yang lain 70 kali ganda." (nota kefahaman:iaitu yg lebih bawah lebih panas)

Tanya Rasulullah s.a.w.: "Siapakah penduduk masing-masing pintu?"

Jawab Jibrail: "Pintu yg terbawah untuk orang-orang munafik, dan orang-orang ygkafir setelah diturunkan hidangan mukjizat nabi Isa a.s. serta keluarga Fir'aun sedang namanya Al-Hawiyah.
Pintu kedua tempat orang-orang musyrikin bernama Jahim,
Pintu ketiga tempat orang shobi'in bernama Saqar.
Pintu ke empat tempat Iblis dan pengikutnya dari kaum majusibernama Ladha,
Pintu kelima orang yahudi bernama Huthomah.
Pintu ke enam tempat orang nasara bernama Sa'eir."

Kemudian Jibrail diam segan pada Rasulullah s.a.w. sehingga ditanya: "Mengapa tidak kau terangkan penduduk pintu ke tujuh?"

Jawabnya: "Di dalamnya orang-orang yg berdosa besar dari ummatmu yg sampai mati belum sempat bertaubat." Maka nabi s.a.w. jatuh pingsan ketika mendengar keterangan itu,sehingga Jibrail meletakkan kepala nabi s.a.w. di pangkuannya sehingga sedar kembali dan sesudah sedar

nabi saw bersabda: "Ya Jibrail, sungguh besar kerisauanku dan sangat sedihku, apakah ada seorang dari ummat kuyang akan masuk ke dalam neraka?" Jawabnya: "Ya, iaitu orang yg berdosa besar dari ummatmu."

Kemudian nabi s.a.w. menangis, Jibrail juga menangis, kemudian nabi s.a.w. masuk ke dalam rumahnya dan tidak keluar kecuali untuk sembahyangkemudian kembali dan tidak berbicara dengan orang dan bila sembahyang selalu menangis dan minta kepada Allah. (dipetik dari kitab "PeringatanBagi Yg Lalai")

Dari Hadith Qudsi: Bagaimana kamu masih boleh melakukan maksiatsedangkan kamu tak dapat bertahan dengan panasnya terik matahari Ku. Tahukah kamu bahawa neraka jahanamKu itu:

1. Neraka Jahanam itu mempunyai 7 tingkat
2. Setiap tingkat mempunyai 70,000 daerah
3. Setiap daerah mempunyai 70,000 kampung
4. Setiap kampung mempunyai 70,000 rumah
5. Setiap rumah mempunyai 70,000 bilik
6. Setiap bilik mempunyai 70,000 kotak
7. Setiap kotak mempunyai 70,000 batang pokok zarqum
8. Di bawah setiap pokok zarqum mempunyai 70,000 ekor ular
9. Di dalam mulut setiap ular yang panjang 70 hasta mengandungi lautan racun yang hitam pekat.
10. Juga di bawah setiap pokok zarqum mempunyai 70,000 rantai
11. Setiap rantai diseret oleh 70,000 malaikat

Mudah-mudahan dapat menimbulkan keinsafan kepada kitasemua. Wallahua'lam.

Al-Quran Surah Al- Baqarah Ayat 159 Sesungguhnya orang-orang yang menyembunyikan apa yang telah Kami turunkan dari keterangan-keterangan dan petunjuk hidayat, sesudah Kamiterangkannya kepada manusia di dalam Kitab Suci, mereka itu dilaknat oleh Allah dan dilaknat oleh sekalian makhluk.

sumber dari : http://tazkirah-umum.blogspot.com

How the Qur'an Differs From the Bible


According to Prof Shahul Hameed, (Discover Islam Consultant — IslamOnline.net)

It is a common allegation by Christians that the Qur'an is a mere copy of the Bible; that Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) simply plagiarized "his" book from the pages of the Bible.

It is true that Prophet Muhammad received the Qur'an AFTER the Bible came into existence; and it is also true that the books of the Bible and the Qur'an cover much common ground. But the conclusion of the Christian critics that the Prophet had studied the Bible with a view to copying its verses in order to somehow fabricate the Qur'an is absurd and untenable for the reasons discussed below.

Arabic Bible

First, there was no Arabic translation of the Bible available during the Prophet's time, as Ernst Würthwein informs us in his book, The Text of the Old Testament:

With the victory of Islam the use of Arabic spread widely and for Jews and Christians in the conquered lands it became the language of daily life. This gave rise to the need of Arabic versions of the Bible, which need was met by a number of versions mainly independent and concerned primarily for interpretation. (Würthwein 104)

Thus, the first translations of the Hebrew Bible in Arabic appeared after the advent of Islam. In fact, the oldest dated manuscript of the Old Testament in Arabic dates from the first half of the ninth century.

What about the New Testament?

Sidney H. Griffith, who has done extensive research on the appearance of Arabic and the New Testament says that

The oldest dated manuscript containing the Gospels in Arabic is Sinai Arabic MS 72. Here the text of the four canonical Gospels is marked off according to the lessons of the temporal cycle of the Greek liturgical calendar of the Jerusalem Church. A colophon informs us that the MS was written by Stephen of Ramleh in the year 284 of the Arabs, i.e., 897 AD. (Griffith 131–132)
And Prophet Muhammad had died in the first half of the seventh century, to be specific, in 632 CE.

Unlettered Prophet

Second, it would be ironic if the unlettered Prophet Muhammad could have studied and assimilated all the sources—Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Hanif, and ancient Arab beliefs—before he compiled the Qur'an. Indeed his illiteracy was acknowledged even by the enemies of Islam 1,400 years ago. And there is no record of the pagan Arabs in Makkah accusing Muhammad of pretending to be illiterate while actually being literate.

Allah the Almighty also answered this in the Qur'an:

[And thou wast not [able] to recite a Book before this [Book came] nor art thou [able] to transcribe it with thy right hand: in that case indeed would the talkers of vanities have doubted. Nay here are signs self-evident in the hearts of those endowed with knowledge: and none but the unjust reject Our signs.] (Al-`Ankabut 29:48–49).

No Translation

Third, the language of Muhammad was Arabic and the Qur'an was revealed to him in Arabic. It is the original Arabic Qur'an that is always called the Qur'an, not any translation. But the language of the Old Testament was ancient Hebrew, and Jesus was a Jew who spoke Aramaic, which was a dialect of Hebrew, an Eastern Semitic language. But the books of the New Testament, including the Gospels, were written in Greek, a Western language, some time after Jesus Christ.

The Bible is a collection of writings produced at different points in history and authored by different writers. The many denominations of Christianity do not agree on the canon (the list of books accepted by the church as authoritative or divinely inspired) of the Christian Bible. Some of these books are not universally accepted. The Catholic Encyclopedia has this to say on the topic:

The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history. The Canon of the New Testament, like that of the Old, is the result of a development, of a process at once stimulated by disputes with doubters, both within and without the Church, and retarded by certain obscurities and natural hesitations, and which did not reach its final term until the dogmatic definition of the Tridentine Council. ("Canon of the New Testament")

There is a lot of confusion about the earliest existing texts of the Bible. The oldest extant manuscript of the Bible is believed to be the Codex Vaticanus, (preserved in the Vatican Library), which is slightly older than the Codex Sinaiticus (preserved in the British Library), both of which were transcribed in the fourth century.

As for the story of Jesus, there were at least 50 gospels written in the first and second century CE. Four of them (Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John) were included in the official canon during the fourth century CE and are found today in every Bible. All of the original copies of the gospels were lost. What we have now are handwritten copies, which are an unknown number of replications removed from the originals.

Rudolf Bultmann, a prominent 20th-century professor of New Testament studies writes about the life of Jesus:

We can now know almost nothing concerning the life and personality of Jesus, since the early Christian sources show no interest in either, are moreover fragmentary and often legendary; and other sources about Jesus do not exist. (Bultmann 8)

The earliest of the four gospels is Mark's and this was written sometime from 57 to 75 CE, according to scholars. The other gospels were composed much later than this, and the last of the four Gospels (John's) was probably written between 85 and 100 CE. All these gospels were originally in Greek and their authorship is a subject of dispute.

Self-Reference

The Bible does not contain self-reference; that is, the word Bible does not occur in the Bible. In
fact, only certain Christian groups believe that the Bible — in its entirety — is the revealed word of God. The presence of so many contradictions and patently questionable ideas makes this claim untenable.

In comparison, the Qur'an's claim to be the record of the word of God dictated to His Prophet is borne out by the following facts: The speaker in the Qur'an is God talking directly to man, while the sayings of the Prophet, called Hadith, are in other books. The Qur'an repeatedly says that it is the word of God. It has self-reference; that is to say, it names itself 70 times as the Qur'an.

Memorization

The verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the course of 23 years of his life as the events in the unfolding development of the religion of God called for divine guidance. As soon as the Prophet received these verses, he dictated them to his disciples, who not only wrote them down, but also learned them by heart. There were so many people who had memorized the Qur'an that we can say that from the first day of its revelation, the Qur'an was in the hands and hearts of the people.

Before the death of the Prophet, the whole of the Qur'an was written down, examined, and verified by the Prophet himself. From that time onwards, it has remained safe from corruption, as several copies of it were in the possession of the Muslims. It was not possible to make any changes to its verses, even if someone wanted to do so, because a standard copy was preserved. Further, so many Muslims had memorized the Qur'an that they would have recognized any changes. Moreover, God has promised in the Qur'an [Certainly, it was We Who revealed the Reminder (the Qur'an) and certainly We shall preserve it] (Al-Hijr 15:9).

At the time of the Prophet's death, a number of the Prophet's Companions already had assembled the portions of the Qur'an with them into a volume. It was during the time of the first caliph, Abu Bakr, that a leading scholar and scribe of the Prophet, Zayd ibn Thabit, was appointed to compile an official version. After meticulous work, he prepared the official collection (mushaf).

Incorruptibility

One of the foremost reasons for the Qur'an's continued incorruptibility is that it has been preserved in its original language, unlike the Bible. No one in the Muslim world has ever thought to supersede it with a translation. Thus the Qur'an we have today is the same Qur'an that the Prophet received from God. Its authenticity and genuineness therefore, are unimpeachable.

One of the miracles of the Qur'an, which was revealed 14 centuries ago, is the fact that it can be read and understood by the Arabic-speaking people living today. Every language undergoes changes as time passes, and one or two hundred years is long enough for a language to undergo substantial changes. Thus anyone who knows the rudiments of the history of languages knows that logically it should be impossible for the Arabic-speaking peoples of today to read and understand a book 14 centuries old. And yet, every day, every hour, every minute, in fact every second of the 24 hours of the 365 days of every year of the past centuries has been alive with the reading and study of the Qur'anic verses. And it goes on into the future. The volume and scope of it multiplies in every imaginable way with the coming of the multimedia. This started at the time of the Prophet and it has continued unceasingly till the present day, making this the ever-present miracle of Prophet Muhammad rivaling all other miracles.

Allah says [This is the Book; in it is Sure Guidance, no doubt, for those who are God-conscious] (Al-Baqarah 2:2) In another verse we read [And say: "The Truth has arrived, and Falsehood perished; for Falsehood is bound to perish"] (Al-Israa' 17:81).

http://tazkirah-umum.blogspot.com

Ahad, 10 April 2011

Ilmu Akan Hilang Jika Manusia Tidak Beramal

(Tafsir Surah al-Maidah ayat 66) Jika mereka beramal dengan apa yang diturunkan oleh Allah nescaya Dia menjamin rezeki mereka dengan menurunkan hujan, hasil bumi yang berkat kepada mereka sebagai kurniaan Allah, sebagaimana firman-Nya kepada orang-orang yang beriman yang bermaksud: "Kalaulah penduduk negeri itu beriman dan bertakwa nescaya Kami bukakan kepada mereka keberkatan yang datang dari langit dan bumi." (Surah al-Anfal: 96)
Allah Taala beri keberkatan kepada mereka. Bagaimanapun ada perbezaan antara berkat dan kekayaan. Ada negeri yang kaya raya tetapi tidak ada keberkatan dalam pentadbiran kerajaannya.
Negeri itu kaya tetapi susah dengan banyaknya maksiat dan sebagainya dengan sebab kekayaan yang diperolehi.
Ini menandakan tidak adanya keberkataan dalam kekayaan yang diperolehi itu akibat penyalahgunaan kekayaan untuk tujuan yang bercanggah dengan ajaran Allah SWT.
Sementara perkataan berkat hanya ada dalam Islam sahaja. Dalam ilmu ekonomi Barat tidak ada perkataan berkat. Begitu juga semua sistem atau teori Barat termasuk kapitalisme, liberalisme, nasionalisme, sosialisme, komunisme, dan sebagainya tidak ada persoalan yang berkaitan dengan keberkatan. Apa yang ada ialah persoalan kekayaan, kesenangan dan kemajuan.
Berkat bermakna sekiranya kita kaya, kita menjadi baik dengan kekayaan yang diperolehi. Rezeki yang sedikit membawa kebaikan yang banyak.
Berkat yang dikurniakan oleh Allah apabila seseorang itu beriman dan bertakwa. Ini perkara yang dijanjikan oleh Allah.
Tetapi Allah Taala nyatakan dalam firman-Nya yang bermaksud: "Telah zahir keburukan di darat dan di laut hasil dari kerja yang dilakukan oleh tangan-tangan manusia supaya dirasakan kepada mereka sebahagian daripada apa yang mereka kerjakan mudah-mudahan mereka kembali kepada Allah." (Suratur Rum: 41)
Senang pada zahirnya tetapi susah pada hakikatnya. Antara lain ialah duit banyak tetapi tidak tahu bagaimanakah cara menggunakannya.
Wang yang digunakan untuk membuat sesuatu, tidak memberi faedah dan tidak mendatangkan pahala serta kebaikan daripada Allah SWT.
Ini adalah janji dari Allah untuk mengurniakan rezeki kepada orang Yahudi. Wahai orang Yahudi, wahai ahlil kitab, masuk Islamlah kamu. Kamu tegakkan Taurat dan Injil, nescaya kamu selamat.
Ramai di kalangan pendita-pendita Yahudi takut masuk Islam. Mereka menyangka Jika masuk Islam mereka akan bertukar perwatakan, yang menjadi pemimpin tidak lagi menjadi pemimpin, dan yang kaya menjadi miskin.
Mereka nampak dunia semata-mata tetapi mereka tidak nampak apakah kebaikan yang akan diperolehi di hari akhirat kelak.
Rasulullah s.a.w. menyatakan kepada orang yang beriman dalam satu hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Hatim bahawa suatu hari Nabi s.a.w. telah bersabda yang bermaksud; "Hampirlah ilmu itu dihilangkan oleh Allah."
Dalam hadis yang lain diriwayatkan bahawa makna menghilangkan ilmu itu ialah dimatikan ahli-ahli ilmu (para ulama). Sementara orang Islam tidak beramal dengan ilmu.
Akibat itu ilmu menjadi hilang dan ilmu yang paling pertama hilang ialah ilmu pembahagian harta pesaka yang menjadikan tanda hampirnya kiamat, sehingga tidak ada seorang pun yang mengetahui cara pembahagian harta pusaka mengikut hukum Islam.
Ada perancangan di peringkat antarabangsa untuk menghapuskan sistem pembahagian pusaka menurut Islam kerana mendakwa kononnya Islam tidak berlaku adil terhadap lelaki dan perempuan dalam pembahagian pusaka.
Akhirnya perancangan itu akan berjaya sekiranya orang Islam tidak mempertahankan hukum Islam. Bila para ulama membisu seribu bahasa, tidak berani menegakkan yang hak, akhirnya Allah Taala menghilangkan ilmu dengan mematikan ulama.
Apabila Nabi s.a.w. mengatakan hampirlah diangkat ilmu, lalu seorang sahabat yang bernama Ziad bin Labit berkata, "wahai Rasulullah, bagaimana diangkatkan ilmu pada hal kami membaca al-Quran dan kami mengajarkannya kepada anak-anak kami."
Dalam satu riwayat yang lain, "kami ajar kepada anak-anak kami, anak-anak kami pula mengajar kepada cucu-cucu kami, cucu-cucu kami mengajar kepada cicit-cicit kami, mana boleh diangkatkan ilmu."
Nabi menjawab dengan sabdanya yang bermaksud; "Apakah engkau ni wahai Ibnu Labit, sesungguhnya aku berpendapat engkaulah orang yang paling faham di kalangan penduduk Madinah. Tetapi di dalam perkara ini kamu tidak memahaminya."
"Tidakkah, Taurat dan Injil berada di tangan orang-orang Yahudi dan Nasara? Taurat dan Injil tidak boleh berbuat apa-apa kepada mereka itu kerana mereka meninggalkan perintah Allah. Allah berfirman yang bemaksud; "kalaulah sekiranya mereka itu menegakkan Taurat dan Injil dan apa yang diturunkan kepada mereka daripada Tuhan mereka (al-Quran) nescaya mereka itu boleh makan rezeki dari atas mereka dan dari bawah kaki mereka. Di kalangan mereka itu ada golongan yang sederhana dan kebanyakan mereka itu alangkah buruknya apa yang mereka lakukan." (Surah al-Maidah:66)


Sumber dari: http://peribadirasulullah

3 Pergerakkan Di Dalam Genggaman Allah SWT


1-Gerak secara paksaan Allah SWT seperti:
Pusingan bumi, Matahari yang membakar,  Laut yang berombak, Angin yang bertiup dan lain-lain pergerakan Fitrah Alam.

2-Gerak yang mendapat keredhaan Allah SWT seperti :
Sujud seorang hamba kepadaNya,
Puasa seorang hamba yang benar-benar mukmin kepada Allah SWT,
Sifat Pemaaf yang benar-benar Ikhlas dan Yakin kepada Janji Allah SWT,
Tawadduk seorang hamba yang-benar-benar takut kepada Kuasa Allah SWT,
Ketaqwaan kepada Allah SWT yang benar-benar takut kepada amaran Allah SWT  dalam keadaan di hadapan mata manusia dan dibelakang mata manusia kerana Sifat Penglihatan Mata Allah SWT tidak sama sekali seperti pandangan mata manusia
dan lain-lain sifat murni yang Allah SWT sebutkan dalam Al-Quran Dan Al-Hadis daripada Rasulullah SAW.
Pergerakkan ini Allah SWT izinkan berlaku supaya pelakunya dapat memasuki dan memanuhi Syurga Allah SWT, mereka adalah Insan Pilihan Allah SWT untuk mendapat jawatan di dalam Syurga Allah SWT, mereka adalah Insan Yang Amat Beruntung.

3-Pergerakkan yang amat dimurkai oleh Allah SWT seperti berzina, minum arak, berjudi, membuka aurat, menindas golongan yang lemah, makan riba/interes, mengambil keuntungan berlebihan atau berlipat kali ganda, tidak membayar hutang, menipu dalam timbangan dan lain-lain sifat Mazmumah.
Pergerakkan ini Allah SWT izinkan berlaku supaya pelakunya dapat memasuki Neraka Allah SWT dan memegang jawatan tertentu di dalam Neraka Allah SWT. Mereka adalah Insan Pilihan Allah SWT untuk menjalankan tugas-tugas khas di dalam neraka dan mentadbir Neraka Allah SWT.

Mereka adalah manusia yang paling jahat yang telah Allah SWT takdirkan nasib mereka atau dengan kata lain Qada' dan Qadar mereka adalah Insan dijadikan daripada neraka dan dikembalikan kedalam neraka seperti Firaun dan Abu Jahal serta tentera-tentera  pembantunya.

Rujukan dan Rumusan daripada Buku " Melihat Dengan Mata hati ", m/s : 128.

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